Although commonplace today, the landscape as a distinct category in painting only really began to establish itself in Western art during the Renaissance, a period in which natural views began to make their way to the fore of focus, no longer merely backgrounds to human figures. Perhaps an interesting quirk of this "transition" were the images which seemed to fuse the two: anthropomorphic landscapes. These images — particularly where landscapes are given the form of human heads — appear to be somewhat of a meme of the 17th century, with examples cropping up again and again, especially in Netherlandish painting. Below we've compiled a collection of such images available online (sadly not all of them openly licensed), with a big debt owed to a great post on JS Blog which provided a wonderful springboard for our findings.

One of the most popular versions of the anthropomorphic landscape is the depiction of a bearded man, horizontal in rocky profile. The beginnings of this can be traced back to an image created by the great 17th-century polymath Athanasius Kircher, featured in his Ars magna lucis et umbrae (1645/6). Kircher's design is said to have been inspired by a story related by Vitruvius about the 4th-century-BC architect Dinocrates' plan to sculpt into Mount Athos a colossal image of Alexander the Great, who would hold a small city in one hand and with the other pour a river into a sea by means of a gigantic pitcher. Kircher's more modest rendering — involving only a face rather than full body — was to be copied and riffed-upon many times over the next decades, including by Wenceslas Hollar, who in his rendition trims the "beard" and "hair" for a general smarter appearance.

With the following two images we depart a little from the profile aspect of Kircher's design. The engravings are by the German artist Johann Martin Will (1727-1806) who made many such images. The "Asia" one is part of a larger series in which each continent is represented as a face embedded into a landscape (see a very lo-res version of the Europa one here). Like Joos de Momper (coming up), Will also created a similar series for each of the seasons (see here).

There follow a few more examples of this horizontal face in the rock motif, including another by Johann Martin Will. The Herri met de Bles painting, which dates from around 1550, is the earliest example we can find of hiding a face in a landscape, predating Kircher's image by a whole century. The face is subtle, but it definitely there.

A little jump ahead in time with the next image, a demonstration of the anthropomorphic landscape's importance in the popular German Vexierbild (image puzzle) of the 19th century. This particular one is an advert for Dr. August König's Hamburger Tropfen, a medicine said to be effective against “all sicknesses of the stomach, liver, and abdomen". Titled "Das Picnic", the writing below reads "Wo ist der Mann, welcher stets Dr. August König's Hamburger Tropfen gebraucht?" (Where is the man who always needs Dr. August König's Hamburg Drops?).

The following three images, in which the "hidden face" is now upright, are from Joos de Momper's series anthropomorphising the four seasons (we can only find a fairly low-res one for Spring, see here). There is no exact date for these but they are thought to be from the early 17th century (Momper died in 1635), so would have predated Kircher's "bearded man" by a good decade at the very least.

The next two continue with the hidden head in an upright position, both using the anthropomorphic element to emphasise a certain "humanness": the first in illustration of our five senses; the second, which is an allegory of iconoclasm, in the idea perhaps of putting the human form before God.

The next picture is an illustration by Henry Holiday for Lewis Carroll's The Hunting of the Snark. The face hidden in the darkness of the trees is thought by some to be based on Geheert's iconoclasm image above.

As well as landscapes, faces were often composed of buildings and combinations of other structures and figures. The next image shows a sketch — "An Allegory of Death" — attributed to that great master of the composite portrait Giuseppe Arcimboldo (1526/7–1593). Following this is an image, very likely to be a direct adaptation of Arcimboldo's, found in Veridicus Christianus (1601), the very first Jesuit emblem book. The final image shows a popular motif, in the aforementioned German Vexierbild tradition, in which elements so full of life combine to create a memento mori image of a skull.